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Thread ID: 1365 | Posts: 16 | Started: 2002-06-20

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Javelin [OP]

2002-06-20 21:00 | User Profile

By Dr. STEPHEN J. SNIEGOSKI

Benjamin Ginsberg's "The Fatal Embrace: Jews and the State," which deals with the rise and fall of Jews in different societies, is an intellectual bombshell. A liberal American Jew who teaches political science at Johns Hopkins, Ginsberg makes observations about Jewish influence in government and society that would be deemed anti-Semitic if expressed by a Gentile. Ginsberg, however, does not criticize that Jewish power for being harmful to Gentiles; his only concern is the harm it can cause for Jews by provoking Gentiles to anti-Semitic actions.

Outlining Jewish power since the Middle Ages, Ginsberg notes that Jews helped kings expand and centralize their realms; in mediÊval Spain, for example, Jews were closely tied to the monarchies, largely, but not solely, in the financial sphere. But they also took the lead in working for the revolutionary destruction of societies hostile to Jews; thus, Jews played key roles in European revolutions, liberal and Communist alike.

In the liberal revolutions and in the development of liberal states, Jews propagandized the public and financed liberal groups. In France, Jews helped established the Third Republic in the 1870s; their influence loomed especially large in the republic's anti-clerical campaigns. Jewish financial and media power also provided the underpinning for the Weimar Republic, whose depiction as the "Judenrepublik" by anti-Semites was not far from the mark. In late 19th-century Britain, the Jewish-dominated press championed imperialism, which benefited Jewish finance. And during the early stages of the Soviet regime, Jews were numerous in leadership positions, especially in the secret police and the propaganda agencies, which they dominated. In contrast to Judeophiles who claim that Jews observe a higher humanitarian ethos, Ginsberg acknowledges that Jewish Communists played a ruthless role in liquidating their opposition.

Ginsberg warns that as a result of their great power, Jews become a highly visible target for the enemies of the regime and often suffer group destruction with the regime's demise. Thus in the late 15th century, Ferdinand and Isabella expelled the Jews from Spain, where they had occupied key positions under previous monarchs. In Germany, Hitler eliminated the Jews along with the Weimar Republic; what enabled Nazism to succeed was a coalescence of lower- and upper-class opposition to Jewish power. Where such a fusion of divergent classes does not take place, as in the French Third Republic, Jewish power survives despite a high degree of anti-Semitism.

The Jewish fall from power does not always require the demise of a friendly regime. Sometimes a previously hospitable regime will eliminate Jews when they are no longer necessary for the maintenance of power, as was the case in the Soviet Union when Stalin dispensed with Jews. Ginsberg's fundamental theory is that the Jewish close relationship with the state is a "fatal embrace": the achievement of great power, and the concomitant high visibility, invite group destruction as situations change.


Ginsberg devotes the greatest part of his book to the history of Jewish power in America. German Jews gained significant power in the United States after the Civil War, largely in the realm of finance. Jews financed the U.S. regime's Civil War debt, the debts of the reconstructed Southern states, and the nascent industries. In essence, according to our author, Jews were a part of the new business and industrial class of the Gilded Age, and became "identified with the worst excesses of the nineteenth-century industrial order." (p. 75) Jewish prominence induced an anti-Semitic opposition from Southern and Western agrarians (Populists), and from old-stock New England patricians. Reacting to that anti-Semitic criticism, the Gentile business class jettisoned its ties with the Jews and aligned itself with the patricians. Thus, the 1890s saw the emergence both of exclusive clubs that barred Jews and of anti-Jewish quotas in the Ivy League colleges. Having been thrust out of the business elite, Jews sought to alter the American economic system, Ginsberg writes. They identified with the Progressive reform movement and - on the part of the newly immigrating Eastern European Jews - with radical socialism. The Jewish role in the Progressive movement crested in the Wilson administration, with Louis Brandeis playing a major role in the creation of the Federal Reserve System and the Federal Trade Commission. However, the Jewish rise was transitory, cut short by the anti-radical Red Scare in the aftermath of World War I, which destroyed radical and reform movements as well as (in Ginsberg's view) an emerging welfare state.

It was with Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal that Jews gained long-term power in the United States, power that continues into the present. Jews served as Roosevelt's idea men and staffed his New Deal agencies. They played a fundamental part in fashioning the centralized American welfare state - and Ginsberg asserts that they created it to serve their own interests. In contrast to American Protestants' success in the private sector, Ginsberg writes that Jews "relied upon the state and the public economy to achieve positions of influence and status in American society." (p. 103) That account contrasts, we should note, with Thomas Sowell's portrayal of Jewish success via the free market.

Jews also played a significant role in getting the United States into World War II to destroy their Nazi nemesis. And they worked actively to undermine popular noninterventionist resistance to war. For example, the Anti-Defamation League "employed investigative agents who secretly penetrated isolationist and anti-Semitic organizations and collected potentially damaging or incriminating information" which it turned over to the FBI and other federal agencies. (p. 110) Ginsberg does not develop this point, but given the fact that the overwhelming majority of "isolationists" were not enemy agents and were simply exercising their constitutional right to oppose a policy, it is apparent that activist American Jews have been quite willing to crush the civil liberties of others in order to advance their own goals. Jews also played a critical part in turning the media toward a prowar stance. (That was quite an achievement, since the American mood in the 1930s was strongly antiwar and "isolationist.") In Hollywood, Jewish film makers concentrated on producing anti-Nazi propaganda films to prepare the masses for a crusade against evil.

In the immediate postwar period, right-wing attacks on Communist subversion put Jews on the defensive. Since Jews had been numerous in the American Communist Party, to them the attacks reeked of anti-Semitism. But by joining forces with the also-imperiled WASP elite, Jews were able to destroy the threat by exercising their media power. They did not just succeed in downplaying the idea of Communist subversion; they were even able to change the issue >from Communist subversion to the right-wing threat to American civil liberties. That was quite a striking ideological turnaround from the Jews' total disregard of the civil liberties of pre-World War II "isolationists." The Jewish success against the right-wing danger meant that by the late 1950s, "conservative anti-Communists who sought to maintain a modicum of respectability ... carefully avoided the least hint of anti-Semitism." (p. 125) Ginsberg cites William F. Buckley Jr. as an example.

In the 1960s, the Jews played key roles in the civil rights revolution and the concomitant Great Society programs. For Jews, Ginsberg points out, support for black civil rights was not only a "moral commitment" but also an "important political tactic" to weaken the white South and the ethnic machine politicians in the North, and, as a consequence, increase their own relative power within the Democratic coalition. Moreover, the advancement of the concept of "equality of opportunity" bolstered Jewish power throughout society. (pp. 125-26) Jews opposed the Vietnam War because it inhibited the expansion of those liberal Great Society programs in which their power resided.

By the end of the Great Society reforms, Jews, in Ginsberg's view, had become the major force in American politics and government: "From the 1970s onward, Jews led or were influential in most, though not all, of the political reform, feminist, consumer rights, gay rights, environmentalist and other public interest groups and related foundations, study groups, and think tanks that came to dominate the Democratic party during the 1970s and continue to be the leading forces within that party today." (p. 137) And Jews wield considerable power in the institutions of the American welfare state, holding as they do prominent positions in the "public or quasi-public economy of government agencies, helping professions, private foundations, think tanks, and universities." (p. 140) Since Jewish power and wealth is either directly or indirectly tied to the national government, rather than to state and local governments or to the strictly private sector, Jews have a vested interest in its maintenance and expansion. In short, Ginsberg contends, Jews support the liberal welfare state for reasons of material self-interest: "Jewish liberalism is more an institutional than an attitudinal phenomenon. It is associated more with Jews' political linkages and involvements than with their underlying attitudes." (p. 143)

Ginsberg attributes the rise of black anti-Semitism over the past couple decades to the desire of upwardly mobile blacks to share in the positions of power held by Jews in the welfare-state apparatus. Jews may oppose some black activities, but they cannot become too critical of blacks because it is the idea of helping disadvantaged blacks that provides the "legitimation of the American welfare state." Indeed, Ginsberg maintains, "Many Jews and Jewish organizations believe that the fundamental interests of Jews are so closely tied, both politically and institutionally, to those of blacks, that it is sometimes necessary to support black demands even when, conceived narrowly or in the short term, these seem to be disadvantageous to Jews." (p. 165) It is that vested interest in the liberal welfare state that prevented most Jews from turning to Republicanism in the 1980s despite the Republicans' support for pro-Jewish positions on racial quotas and the defense of Israel.

Although the overwhelming majority of Jews did not turn to Reagan Republicanism in the 1980s, "Jews played important roles in implementing the administration's economic and foreign policy objectives," Ginsberg writes. "The association of Jews with Reaganism, especially in the realm of foreign policy, helped to heighten the anti-Semitism of forces on the political Left but produced a measure of philo-Semitism on the right, most notably among Protestant fundamentalists." (p. 188) Neoconservative Reaganauts identified Israel as America's "strategic asset" in the Cold War, and Israel actually helped the United States fight communism in Latin America and elsewhere. In the economic realm, Jewish parvenu financiers such as Michael Milken were the major beneficiaries of the Reagan rollback of regulations.

Ginsberg claims that the Republicans, unable to attract any significant number of Jews to their side, abandoned their support of the neocon elite with the end of the Cold War. Israel simply was no longer needed as an ally. Thus President Bush and Secretary of State James Baker tried to coerce Israel into following American Middle East policy and in so doing alienated their neoconservative support. Ginsberg, who completed "Fatal Embrace" at the beginning of the Clinton administration, emphasizes the large number of Jews who were entering that regime, reinforcing his theme of American Jewry's continued identification with liberal Democrats.

The author attempts to gauge whether Jewish power - which aroused strong opposition in the past - is threatened today. Despite the explicit anti-Semitism of blacks, Ginsberg doubts that they pose a direct threat to Jews because of their dependence on the welfare state that Jews supervise: blacks and Jews are "locked into a long-term relationship which neither can easily abandon." (p. 183) Black anti-Semitic rhetoric, however, has loosened the taboo against anti-Semitism in American society, according to Ginsberg, so that white right-wing forces - Joe Sobran, Patrick Buchanan, David Duke, paleoconservatives - can attack Jews and their agenda. Ginsberg believes that those right-wingers, if they should use the correct populist appeal to unite upper- and lower-class whites in what he characterizes as the Nazi manner, could pose a formidable threat to American Jewry: "An alliance of radical populists and respectable conservatives would almost inevitably make vigorous use of anti-Semitic themes to attack the liberal Democratic regime, and the Jews would find themselves locked in the fatal embrace of yet another state." (p. 243)


Ginsberg is far more explicit on the reality of Jewish power than any other pro-Jewish author of which this reader is aware. However, he leaves some important matters unresolved.

First, it must be asked: What enables Jews to dominate societies? Ginsberg says they have certain talents - scholarly, business, managerial - not possessed by the bulk of the population. However, he does not claim (like Nathaniel Weyl) that Jews are innately more intelligent than other people. It is odd that societies supposedly based on equality (such as America's current welfare state) would come to reflect greater Jewish dominance. With all the purported equal educational opportunities and aid to the disadvantaged, one would think that social and economic differences among groups would lessen over time. Of course, it could be argued that the real purpose of the liberal welfare state is not to help the disadvantaged but rather to keep them dependent in order to maintain the rationale for the welfare institutions that Jews dominate. Ginsberg does not even hint at this explanation.

Also problematic is the author's understanding of anti-Semitism. Ginsberg characterizes as anti-Semitic those Gentiles who are critical of Jewish power and its uses. Therefore, anti-Semitism does not necessarily entail racial hatred, threats of racial expulsion or racial extermination, or even lies. A statement can be perfectly truthful and still qualify as anti-Semitic! Despite this apparent meaning, Ginsberg still gives anti-Semitism a negative connotation. Presumably, it is wrong for Gentiles to oppose the Jewish agenda. A reader of Ginsberg's book should understand from the outset that the work is directed to Jews and Judeophiles, and that the author's concern is the long-term effect of Jewish power on Jews. He does not dwell on the negative impacts that Jewish power has had on Gentiles, even though he cites examples in which Gentiles have been harmed - such as in the Soviet Union.

Finally, Ginsberg underplays the importance of neoconservatism. (Paul Gottfried, the foremost paleoconservative analyst of neoconservatism, has underscored the significant power of neoconservatism in such works as "The Conservative Movement". Bush and Baker did anger neocons, but neoconservatism still dominates the Republican Party and the American conservative establishment. Neoconservatism simply does not threaten the welfare-state apparatus that provides Jews a base of power. As paleoconservatives correctly point out, neoconservatism simply acts to coopt the conservative thrust of the electorate, rendering it harmless to those whose interests are served by the welfare state. Besides being innocuous to the domestic welfare state, a neocon Republican regime might better serve Jewish foreign policy interests than a liberal Democratic one. It could pursue a Zionist-oriented globalistic foreign policy without the inhibitions of the Democratic Left. And having neocons in strategic positions in the Republican Party means that the Jews have placed their eggs in more than one basket: no matter who controls the government, Democrat or Republican, Jewish power remains intact. Outside of the Jewish orbit there remain only Patrick Buchanan and the paleoconservatives, whom Ginsberg sees as imminent threats to Jewish power and its agenda.

Despite some questionable interpretations, The Fatal Embrace is of immense value for its candid discussion of Jewish power, especially since it is authored by a Jew who identifies closely with Jewish interests. It is must reading for anyone interested in this taboo but critically important subject.


mwdallas

2002-06-20 21:12 | User Profile

This is a very important reference resource.

One point not emphasized in the review:

Benjamin Ginsberg explains that in liberal regimes (like the US), the role of Jews has been to mold public opinion:

"If the distinctive contribution of Jews to the construction of absolutist states lay in the realm of finance and military provisioning, their characteristic role in the development of liberal regimes was in the domain of political mobilization and opinion formation." The Fatal Embrace: Jews and the State, U. of Chicago Press, 1993, p. 19.


Frederick William I

2002-06-20 22:34 | User Profile

The whole book sounds like just one long plagiarism of Kevin MacDonald, doesn't it?


mwdallas

2002-06-20 23:52 | User Profile

**The whole book sounds like just one long plagiarism of Kevin MacDonald, doesn't it? **

Pretty much.

The beautiful thing is that it's written by a MOT -- voila, credibility!

Much more effective to cite Ginsberg than to cite MacDonald.


Frederick William I

2002-06-21 01:40 | User Profile

Originally posted by mwdallas@Jun 20 2002, 23:52 > The whole book sounds like just one long plagiarism of Kevin MacDonald, doesn't it? **

Pretty much.

The beautiful thing is that it's written by a MOT -- voila, credibility!

Much more effective to cite Ginsberg than to cite MacDonald.**

Maybe, and maybe not. With some people it might work,but with most of the kommissars who cares? You could quote noone but Abraham Foxman and Morris Dees themselves over on neo-con Republic, and they and JR would still kick you off for being anti-semitic.


il ragno

2002-06-21 13:18 | User Profile

I'd feel better about it if Ginsburg cited MacDonald's work as a seminal source, thus...y'know...vindicating him from the lies of his landsmen.


mwdallas

2002-06-21 15:06 | User Profile

I'd feel better about it if Ginsburg cited MacDonald's work as a seminal source

Ginsberg's book predates MacDonald's trilogy.


mwdallas

2002-06-21 15:14 | User Profile

Il Ragno --

You may like this excerpt from the Jewish Folklore and Ethnology Review regarding the first book of the trilogy:

"Kevin MacDonald is an evolutionary biologist using the Jewish people as a test case to examine certain critical theorems of that approach. . . . MacDonald's success was due to his cautious, careful assembling of evidence. . . . Some readers will no doubt be disturbed by the sociobiologically derived jargon. Once acclimated to the style, however, the reader will be richly rewarded with a tour-de-force, sifting of a wide range of Jewish scholarship. . . . Make no mistake. This volume from a barely visible publisher and unlikely to be reviewed in Judaic or social science circles, is a watershed contribution to the understanding of Judaism and Jewish life. I found the data and reasoning compelling despite my general rejection of evolutionary anthropology in explaining complex societies. While I did find myself questioning and confronting many assertions and uses of evidence, this is [a] most worthwhile reading experience."

Laurence D. Loeb, Department of Anthropology, University of Utah; "Review Essay: Jewish Origins and Continuity," Jewish Folklore and Ethnology Review, 19(1-2), 36-38, 1997.


il ragno

2002-06-22 11:49 | User Profile

Thanks, MW. I (obviously) hadn't checked copyright dates.

Re Loeb's comments: heartening to read comments made by someone who read the book BEFORE writing the review.


Walter Yannis

2002-06-23 09:58 | User Profile

Originally posted by Frederick William I@Jun 20 2002, 22:34 The whole book sounds like just one long plagiarism of Kevin MacDonald, doesn't it?

                They come to startlingly similar conclusions.

But Ginsberg's book is a much more effective outreach tool to our brainwashed bretheren than Kevin MacDonald's works, precisely because it was written by a virulent Jewish nationalist rather than by an enlightened white gentile.

Ginsberg Jewish credentials are unassailable, and so quoting him prevents accusations of "anti-semitism" from sticking (although such accusations will be thrown at you, that's unavoidable). Quoting MacDonald or Duke (who we all know merely say much the same things as Ginsberg, Shahak et al.) causes the lemmings' media-conditioned doublethink response to turn on, and once that happens all of our most reasoned arguments are but wasted breath. This is NOT SO with the Jewish authors like Ginsberg, Hernstein, Levin and Shahak.

For example, I recently bought a copy of Shahak's classic "Jewish Fundamentalism in Israel" for an old friend, who is a life-long liberal and with whom I've long carried on an email correspondence. I can tell by his elliptic silences that the book really got to him - he's bothered by supporting the very "racism" in Israel that he condemns everywhere else. Next step is Ginsberg - when he's ready.

Only then will I hit him with MacDonald. And only after MacDonald will he get Duke and Yggrasil.

Ginsberg's book comes with the "stealth" technology inherent in the great Jewish nationalist works.

Another example of the tactical benefits of the "kosher classics" from my personal experience is a Georgetown couple I know. I started them out on "The Bell Curve" (another one of our "kosher" WN classics!), and now that they've digested that they will soon have a copy of Ginsberg's book as a birthday gift from old Walter.

I challenged this liberal couple yesterday to admit that their PeeCee opinions were really just a badge to distinguish them from poor ethnic whites, as proved by their choice to live in the lilly-white enclave of Georgetown while supporting force integration for the poor Irish in their native Boston. They were open to the idea, and actually ADMITTED that they in fact were afraid to be branded as poor whites and that their liberal, pro-negro opinions functioned as a sort of class uniform. I told them that I called for their solidarity with poor whites, and to STOP selling out their interests as the price of admission to shabbos-goy status, and they seemed OPEN to the idea. They were clearly troubled by the implication of treason to their own poor bretheren. Lord forgive them, for they really knew not what they did. They wouldn't have been open to that without YEARS of groundwork laid by reading Hernstein & Murray, and quietly showing them the dynamics of their own Democratic party. I should mention here Joel Kotkin's "Tribes" - another "kosher" book that really lays it out for them (a candidate for the "classics" list?). Also, the wife works as a caring social workers with Negroes, and 15 years of that forced her to admit some unpleasant "Bell Curve" realities.

In short, my experience indicates that starting with Jewish nationalist authors like Ginsberg, Shahak and Hernstein will crack the first opeinng into even the most hermetically- sealed mind of the most die-hard, liberal lemmings.

Thus, in our outreach to our brainwashed racial kin, we need to lead with Ginsberg, Hernstein and Shahak, effectively flying under the radar of their conditioned denial-response to anything critical of the Jews.

In time, they'll read MacDonald and Duke. And then watch out.

It's happening. I can feel it.

As Orwell put it, we are the dead. We are denied a voice in the public square, so our only hope is to slowly expand the perimeters of racial sanity to those closest to us. But I can attest that my efforts show slow results, and my intuition tells me that the pace will pick up as this economic downturn meets the demands of the War on Israel's Enemies.

Walter


il ragno

2002-06-23 21:08 | User Profile

It seems to me that citing a Jewish author FIRST (whether or not you then supplement with comments written by Gentiles) is playing a rigged game.

It's the same as saying "since Gentiles are devious, have hidden agendas and a propensity for deception, we will take the Gentile text with a big grain of salt; at best, a secondary source. However, a Jewish writer must surely be telling the truth."

Hello? If a tree falls in the forest and lands on your house - but no Jew was within earshot to hear the crash - did it even happen at all?


Walter Yannis

2002-06-24 18:15 | User Profile

Originally posted by il ragno@Jun 23 2002, 21:08 **It seems to me that citing a Jewish author FIRST (whether or not you then supplement with comments written by Gentiles) is playing a rigged game.

It's the same as saying "since Gentiles are devious, have hidden agendas and a propensity for deception, we will take the Gentile text with a big grain of salt; at best, a secondary source. However, a Jewish writer must surely be telling the truth."

Hello? If a tree falls in the forest and lands on your house - but no Jew was within earshot to hear the crash - did it even happen at all?**

I don't think it's a question of "telling the truth." It's a recognition of the limited ability to HEAR the message on the part of the lemmings that is the issue.

We've all been brainwashed by our Elder Brothers in Faith who control overwhelmingly our media. Americans watch over 40 hours of television on average per week (!), and like Little Alex in "Clockwork Orange" they've been conditioned to block out anything that conflicts with the PeeCee agenda, and to ACCEPT anything that has a "kosher" wrapping.

That's why starting them out on Shahak et al works so well - they fly unseen by the lemming "intruder alert" internal radar as they're equiped with the radar-absorbing kosher coating. Once you've breached those mental defenses with the kosher stealth raid, you can hit them with good old fashioned Aryan artillery.

All I can say is that it works for me. And what we need are results - not to be right, but to convince our brainwashed bretheren (and they remain my bretheren despite their unwitting treason to our Aryan race and Christian civilization) before it's too late.

Walter


Sertorius

2002-06-25 13:33 | User Profile

Walter,

I think you are right on this point. We know our enemies are going to say the things listed above, but then again, we are not trying to bring them to our point of view here. It is the lemmings we are after. The others have already made a conscientious decision to be on the other side so we shouldn`t allow our strategy to be unduly influenced by what they will say or do, but what we want to do.

I`d make as full a use of this material as possible.


Ed Toner

2002-06-26 11:41 | User Profile

Here's the link: [url=http://www.thornwalker.com/ditch/deadlyenemy.htm]http://www.thornwalker.com/ditch/deadlyenemy.htm[/url]


Javelin

2002-12-12 23:14 | User Profile

I thought I would bump this article because it seems that in the 6 months since it was posted it has become blatently obvious to almost everyone except the dumbest Freepers that we are in fact ruled by a coalition of Jews and shabbos goyim. I can sense that things are really starting to come unravelled.


weisbrot

2002-12-13 18:56 | User Profile

Thanks- I would have missed this topic otherwise.

The unravelling is hopefully proceeding apace. Below, the latest review (from 1991) of Ginsberg's book on Amazon. If Sneigoski's review is even close to being accurate, the chosenite reviewer from Amazon is suffering from some amazingly misguided perceptions. Or maybe he just read the book while wearing his Cui Bono brand sunglasses, and he bears out everything that is said in the Sneigoski review. No doubt he gave Stephen Steinlight's CIS paper on immigration a similar reception...

The Fatal Embrace: Jews and the State, July 31, 2001 [url=http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0226296652/ref%3Ded%5Foe%5Fh/002-4766859-8924054]http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/022...4766859-8924054[/url] Reviewer: Alan Hoffman from Woodbridge, NJ
This is an eye opening book for most American Jews. As most Jews are assimilated into the political culture, enjoy reasonable prospects in the current era and have learned how to avoid the worst of anti-Semitism (consciously or otherwise), it comes as a shock to learn that it is actually a tool of politics used to subtley intimidate and manipulate us.

In thinking through comments made about NYC political life (in reference to municipal and educational politics) in the 1960s and my own experiences, I now realize how manipulated I was. It was systematic, calculated and directed...that makes it worse than if it was random, as it bespeaks an evil knowledge. It affected the employment of my wife, my in-laws and others I knew in the educational field. NYC education suffers today from the purge of Jews that occurred from that time on and we are all poorer for it.

This book is an explanation of why anti-Semitism does not get "solved", but merely goes into remission until needed again -it is a tried and true technique to influence people. That both Democrats and Republicans have used such techniques also indicates its universality and that no one party is a "friend of the Jews". This is the knowledge used by practitioners of the "politics of division". Black anti-Semites use it in their power moves within the Democratic Party. Bill Clinton used it in his defense of pardoning Marc Rich and it is used by Republicans in dealing with Middle Eastern politics as viewed here in the US to forestall the will of the Congress on a Jerusalem based embassy.

This book will annoy those who do not want to hear that message, that an age old hatred is so institutionalized that it is current state-craft.